A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of RURAL settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on RURAL physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of RURAL settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development and RURAL identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of RURAL settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with RURAL life (3/58) and RURALity or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of RURAL settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of RURAL physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of RURAL life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, RURAL AREAS in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some RURAL AREAS. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to RURAL development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of RURAL AREAS. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed RURAL AREAS,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  RURAL settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of RURAL settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to RURAL life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of RURAL settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely RURAL planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, RURAL livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in RURAL settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in RURAL physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the RURAL environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of RURAL settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of RURAL housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the RURAL settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; Management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Purpose-Social responsibility for environmental protection at all levels and strata of society is an issue that is explicitly emphasized in paragraph 14 of the General Environmental Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the villagers as the main users of environmental resources are expected to take environmental responsibility without exception. The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify level of responsibility of environmental behaviors of villagers and determine social factors affecting it. Design/methodology/approach-In this research, the framework of social psychology was used and the research method was survey and cross-sectional. The unit of analysis is the RURAL individuals. The statistical population of the study is all residents of RURAL AREAS of Mazandaran province in 1398/2019. The sampling method of multi-stage cluster sampling was used. The number of study villages surveyed was 30 villages and the sample size was 536 people. The data required for the research were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Finding-The results showed that the level of responsible environmental behavior of villagers is at a moderate level. In addition, the results of multivariate analyzes indicate that there is a significant relationship between social psychological factors (religious beliefs, environmental values and environmental knowledge) and responsible behaviors towards the environment. In the final evaluation, it can be said that the modified model of social psychological factors seems a suitable model for studying factors affecting environmental behaviors in RURAL communities and can be useful as a model for conducting similar research in other RURAL AREAS of the country.

The current article was written with the aim of investigating the influencing factors on RURAL tourism marketing in the villages of Qaenat county. In terms of purpose, this research is in the group of applied research, in terms of nature and method, in the group of descriptive-analytical research, and in terms of time, it is in the category of single-section research. The method of data collection was done quantitatively using a structured questionnaire, and data analysis was done using structural equation modeling technique and descriptive and inferential statistics. The statistical population of the research includes experts and managers of organization of cultural heritage, tourism and handicrafts, RURAL tourists of Qaenat county, and RURAL municipality and members of the islamic councils of the villages. Sampling was done through simple random and snowball method. The sample size has also been considered by considering the tenfold rule and also Cochran equal to 350 people. To ensure the validity of the research questionnaire, content validity and factor loading coefficient, combined reliability and also Cronbach's alpha method were used to check the reliability. The results indicate that the components of people, product, place, promotion, physical evidence, process, and price are of great importance in tourism marketing of RURAL AREAS, but nevertheless, the performance of tourism trustees, regarding each of the mentioned components are below average. Therefore, according to the indicators of tourism marketing in RURAL AREAS, necessary measures to improve the situation of tourism marketing should be put on the agenda of the trustees.

The conversion of RURAL AREAS to urban AREAS and small cities forming in RURAL AREAS that have been started in other countries as a developmental issue of RURAL AREAS from the decade of 1970 became a phenomenon from the first years of 1970 decade along with some changes in the laws and criteria of village and city recognition. Now, according to this topic and the functions of small cities, this question is raised that, what are the backwashes of this issue on the population of these AREAS and their residents. So, this research has been done in order to investigation of population trend and the viewpoints of prospering villages residents to cities. The research method is documentary and field analysis and the statistical society are the residential families across the city of Egiye and its villages in the province of Isfahan which has been formed from the Egiye village, in the year of 1375. The sample composed of 190 families which were selected by random and proportional method from the above mentioned city and its villages. According to results around 73.5 percent of respondents were satisfied of this action, conversion of village to city, and the satisfaction level of residential place has been increased in 52.2 percent of families compared before.

Sustainable development is a state of balance between different dimensions of development. RURAL development is a comprehensive and sustainable process in which RURAL social and economic capabilities are developed to meet the material, spiritual needs and effective control over the force that forms the local housing system (ecological, social, economic and institutional). The future of sustainable RURAL development enables us to see the present better and the future and especially the future of sustainable development and the challenges facing the community and especially the RURAL community in order to achieve a suitable position as soon as possible that the same Achieving sustainable development is more than we understand. The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting sustainable RURAL development in RURAL AREAS of Rasht city. This research is a descriptive-analytical method with applied objectives and a method of collecting information in the form of library, documentary and field. Data analysis was also performed using SWOT analysis technique. The results showed that after formulating a strategy based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, 19 strategies were formulated that the development of infrastructure and increasing the competitiveness of tourism, manufacturing and agriculture from the ST position (diversification) has the highest priority similarly, strategies for developing economic and trade relations with the Caspian littoral states and developing modern and efficient urban infrastructure in the ST (diversification) and SO (competitive / aggressive) situations have been the second and third highest scoring strategies.

Reviews of various research shows that immigration specifically from RURAL AREAS to urban AREAS, and sustainable RURAL development have been widely studied, while hosting immigration in RURAL AREAS and its relationship with social stability and sustainability topics in particular has been of less interest to researchers. The aim of the present research is to study the role of hosting immigration RURAL AREAS that surround metropolitans in social stability and instability of villages. The research method is descriptive-analytical with an emphasis on field research, and filling researcher-made questionnaires. The participants included 92 RURAL residents who had experienced immigration in Tehran metropolitan area during the last few decades, and the statistical sample included 18 RURAL AREAS that were selected according to different criteria such as the growth rate of over three percent, RURAL AREAS with more than 50 families, natural situation (mountain and desert), and their distance to Tehran metropolitan area. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The results of the study revealed and depicted relatively low levels of education, youth population, high rate of employment in unofficial sectors, and high percentage of tenantry among the immigrated residents, social instability in RURAL AREAS around Tehran metropolitan area. After calculating statistics and considering Per Scott Allen classification as the basis, stability in host RURAL AREAS around Tehran metropolitan area were evaluated in terms of social stability. The stability levels of the RURAL AREAS under study were as follows; 22 percent had good sustainability, 16 percent had moderate sustainability, 27 percent had weak sustainability, and 11 percent had unsustainability. Therefore; about 55 percent of the RURAL AREAS under study from social aspect at moderate level tend towards unsustainability. Also according to Per Scott Allen table, stability status of sustainable social development was acceptable or relatively stable in indicators of social safety, social solidarity, and the feeling of belonging to place. Social issues and social justice were in good or stable condition, the indicators of social participation and social trust were in bad or unstable condition.

Problem definition: The issue of participation has become very important in recent decades in relation to such issues as democracy, development, etc. Participation and RURAL development have been proposed as two related and complementary elements and increasing the level of participation among villagers is considered as a sign and means of RURAL development. This can be useful for future policies and planning for RURAL AREAS. Purpose: Social participation is a broad concept that includes dimensions, such as social trust, empowerment, and norms, which are discussed today in socio-economic analyses of RURAL development. The purpose of this article was to show the role of social participation in RURAL development. Methodology: The statistical population of the study consisted of 4200 RURAL women aged 15 years and older in Fereydunshahr City and the sample size was determined to be 240 people by using Cochran's formula. Results: Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In this study, the observed variables for the two components of empowerment and social trust were obtained. Two first-order factor analysis models were developed and validated to measure two subscales of social participation. Finally, the roles and effects of the observed variables and their dual components on social participation as the main latent dependent variable, as well as the relationships between them were analyzed by using a two-factor structural model of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed the acceptable fit and validity of both models of measuring social participation and achieving goals, as well as the second-order three-factor model for examining social participation, based on the collected data. Also, social empowerment (0. 65) and trust (0. 78) had an effect on social participation. Innovation: In the present study, for the first time, the issues of participation and RURAL development were investigated by performing the structural analyses of the two categories of social trust and social empowerment.

The development of entrepreneurship and self-employment in RURAL AREAS requires cooperation and the creation of platforms that can create a favorable and supportive ecosystem for the development of entrepreneurship and the success of entrepreneurs. On this basis; The present applied research, which has a mixed nature (quantitative-qualitative) was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method; There is an attempt to diagnose the current situation of entrepreneurship development in the RURAL AREAS of Tuysarkan, Hamadan province. The data was collected in the theoretical part using documentary studies and in the practical part based on field survey using interview and questionnaire tools. The statistical community of the research includes development officials, local managers and experts, and scientific experts in the region, who use a targeted method and snowball method in both qualitative and quantitative sections; At first, 19 people were identified as a Delphi group and subjected to semi-structured interviews, and then, the findings of the interviews were given to 35 other members of these groups for confirmation and generalization in the form of a questionnaire. became. Analyzing the interviews in the qualitative part in order to reach the causal, interventional and background factors that shape the current state of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the strategies adopted by economic actors and the economic and social results formed at the regional level by using database technique and in a small part by using the path analysis test, it was concluded that on this basis; The results showed that 72 challenges and obstacles in the form of the main components of weakness in management, policy-making and development planning (the most effective component); the inappropriateness of the business environment; Weakness in providing needed infrastructure, services and facilities; Weaknesses of marketing, sales and technical and practical obstacles; social and cultural barriers; educational and promotional restrictions; Weakness of financial resources; Weakness in the mental and behavioral beliefs of the villagers and includes two main dimensions of weaknesses and inadequacies related to environmental factors and individual and personality factors affecting self-employment and entrepreneurship; They are effective as inhibiting factors in the direction of entrepreneurship development and the success of entrepreneurs in the study area. In this regard, intervention and background factors; Adopted strategies and the results of the identified causal factors on the entrepreneurship ecosystem of the studied area were also identified.

Sustainable and continuous development of each country is dependent upon Sustainability of it’s agricultural system. In countries which are dependent on RURAL economy, sustainable agricultural development is of great importance economically, socially, culturally, and politically. The main objective of this study is to investigate the agricultural sustainability in RURAL AREAS with the focus on the central district of Ravansar township. The research takes the design of descriptive analysis in which data are collected through instruments used in field studies. Population of the study included the heads of RURAL families in all villages of Central district in Ravansar (N=4209). Using Cochran formula and stratified sampling, a sample of 188 people was selected and surveyed through questionnaires. In order to estimate the reliability of the research, Cronbachs' alpha coefficient was used and indicated the coefficient of 0.72, 0.73, 0.79 percent for three parts of the questionnaire, representing the appropriateness of the instruments used. The results of statistical analysis in SPSS software show that 55 percent of indicators have been in the unsustainable group, 36.5 percent in somewhat sustainable group and 8.5 percent in sustainable group. Also with regard to the  indicators, 38.70 percent of indicators  are in unsustainable group, 22.58 percent in somewhat sustainable group and 38.70 percent  in sustainable group.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Today's societies are confronted with widespread and complex problems that hierarchical methods are no longer able to solve social problems, and networks provide a solution to problems but are not fully capable of solving problems and need the collective action of the cast is different. Thus, since 1990, the role of the local government has been addressed in response to the need for decentralization of power and the emerging issues of local democracy. In the new millennium, strong local management has levers in providing public services for local development. Non-existence The concentration and assignment of financial, political and executive responsibilities from centralized governments to localities throughout Asia has also accelerated more than in the past several decades. Proponents of decentralization argue that decentralization, accountability, and effectiveness of local governance and, consequently, governance improves and allows citizens to engage with local authorities in local affairs, thus increasing local participation and increasing social justice. Thus, it can be said that governance has emerged as a substitute for traditional methods of governance and governance, and as a structure or political organization and non-governmental organizations that have emerged to address policy issues and as a precondition for sustainable development And a model for RURAL management that can strengthen democratic civil participation in public services, especially in RURAL and social development. Today, our country's villages are faced with a lot of problems and problems that can be attributed to the planning and management of villages in the past and today, which is associated with many controversies and relies on tests and errors. The vacuum of efficient and principled management in villages in all these periods, especially from the 1340s to this and the centralized centralized system, has never been able to achieve a development that is consistent with the advantages and disadvantages of the regions and the imbalance in the regional development of the country has been its consequence. Many problems have also arisen for the villagers. The formation of Islamic councils of the city and village has also provided a good place for the realization of the rule. However, the rule in today's world is facing a lot of problems, which is a way out of the crisis of the introduction and injection of capital from the people themselves, called social capital, which affects the rule of the RURAL AREAS and influences the ability of local management. Social capital is the ability to form and maintain relationships in order to facilitate achievement of goals through the development of communication and cooperation as the central point of investment in local development. If social capital is properly used by private and public organizations, it may be a means of maintaining and accountable the government. Therefore, social capital is important, and it is a force that helps connect a society that shares common interests. This type of capital is produced both by society and by the state. The capacity of communities to benefit from it is dependent on the government's ability to enforce the rule of law, respect for civil liberties and political rights, and, in other words, the rule of law. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of social capital on governance in RURAL AREAS of Zanjan. Methodology The type of research is applied, the descriptive-analytical method is used and documentary and field methods are used to collect data. The realm of this research is Zanjan city, which consists of 248 villages inhabited with 10% of the villages (25 villages) were selected according to natural and demographic characteristics. The statistical population of this research is 25588 households living in RURAL AREAS of Zanjan city. 382 households were selected according to Cochran formula. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, multivariate regression and path analysis were used. Results and Discussion The results of data analysis based on one-sample t-test showed that the highest average was the component of legitimacy with an average of 3/42 Other components of the RURAL households' viewpoint have a lower average of numerical desirability, while the transparency component gained the lowest average of 2/75 One-sample t analysis from the views of typical households in relation to social capital components indicates that all components are above the average, while the integrity component has the highest mean of 3/45 and the component of participation is the lowest of 3/34 The average has been earned among other components of social capital. The results of path analysis also showed that with respect to the total effects, confidence with the highest score of 0/366 has the most effect on governance and coherence with the rate of 0/200 has the least effect. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the correlation between social capital and governance dimensions. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that the correlation coefficient of social and governing capital 0/509**) is indicative of correlation between variables. The result of the research showed that social capital affects governance and will also improve with the rise of social capital.